Essay Topics at the Toronto School of Law

<h1>Essay Topics at the Toronto School of Law</h1><p>The Toronto School of Law is focused on giving outstanding instructing, excellent understudy support and a profoundly testing and compensating project to the entirety of its understudies. So as to accomplish these objectives, the workforce at the school works perseveringly to cultivate understudy focused learning.</p><p></p><p>While it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to cover each point on the prospectus, it is conceivable to cover many exposition themes. Article themes are picked in meeting with understudies, and in spite of the fact that there are a few general branches of knowledge offered, understudies may decide to concentrate on explicit subjects. Accordingly, the different regions of center at the school are not commonly exclusive.</p><p></p><p>At the year's end, understudies can choose to have practical experience in it is possible that at least one of the different subject territories shrouded in the paper points area. Commonly, a specific zone will be introduced during a meeting, and understudies have a chance to choose a particular subject of focus over the span of the meeting. Since such huge numbers of understudies decide to spend significant time in various territories, notwithstanding, it is significant that understudies set aside the effort to painstakingly consider their decision.</p><p></p><p>A short article is one that doesn't endeavor to offer a broad investigation of the paper point. A long exposition won't be acknowledged by the school. On the off chance that an understudy composes a long exposition, the understudy should know in advance that the article won't be acknowledged. Articles ought not surpass 400 and fifty words.</p><p></p><p>Students ought to have the option to exhibit their capacity to look into and compose inside the rules set out by the instructor. A few courses at the school expect understudies to lead broad research on the points they will talk about. Understudies are relied upon to utilize a wide scope of sources, for example, books, magazines, diaries, government reports, and the Internet so as to help their arguments.</p><p></p><p>Argumentative expositions should introduce both supporting proof that challenges the writer's position. In that capacity, it is significant that an understudy obviously expresses the establishment for their contention and how that announcement is bolstered by explicit facts.</p><p></p><p>One other thought is that the understudy has the chance to utilize the materials gave in the class in their last paper. The teacher isn't required to audit the exposition before offering it to the understudy, however it is constantly supported that the educator is allowed a chance to survey the article preceding reviewing it.</p><p></p><p>T he dominant part of understudies at the school are viewed as school destined. Along these lines, it is significant that the understudies become engaged with extracurricular exercises. This implies the understudy must do their part and put forth an attempt to discover approaches to get involved.</p>

Technology Topics For Research Paper - Turning The Classroom Into A Real World!

Innovation Topics For Research Paper - Turning The Classroom Into A Real World!Getting to the highest point of your group in any class is the sign of being a brilliant understudy. Without the capacity to be profitable in a class, regardless of whether it is in secondary school or school, there is no point. With a couple of innovation subjects for inquire about paper you can get to the following level in a class.The Internet is by a long shot the most significant innovation for our regular day to day existences. Through this new asset, we can do such a large number of things we never longed for. Regardless of whether it is email, texting, banking, or video conferencing, there is no motivation behind why an individual ought not have the option to do anything they need on the Internet.Technology presently permits us to convey in a remarkable manner. Not, at this point is it conceivable to convey a one-on-one, similar to what a few does in a class or to speak with cohorts on Skype or Fac eTime. We would now be able to convey to anybody on the planet, regardless of whether it is only a companion. This can be incredible for business and deals however there is a drawback, as the greater part of us aren't of our world.Sometimes when we are away from our typical life, we feel totally lost. Online correspondence is one way we can stay in contact with individuals. Individuals can likewise get to our status, on account of PCs or telephones, and there is no compelling reason to depend on the instant messages that expect us to take a break.This is incredible for the individuals who have occupied timetables or have a restricted measure of time to make notes in class, yet numerous individuals discover this sort of electronic medium a staggering errand. This can be cured with the assistance of innovation themes for explore paper. While they are not the center of the class, they will give the understudy an option in contrast to retaining a similar talk over again.Internet-based i nnovation can likewise be utilized for the sake of entertainment. While contemplating, we can manufacture games and riddles and watch motion pictures and TV programs we may not in any case have the option to discover. These can be an incredible method to unwind and spend the time.While it might appear innovation points for look into paper are a bit much for advanced education, it is the most progressive technique for contemplating. It doesn't make a difference if the understudy has a full course load in the class or is experiencing a great deal of spare time. They can in any case utilize this new innovation. They are really a similar with regards to the innovation and class.

Online Homework Help - Choosing the Right One

<h1>Online Homework Help - Choosing the Right One</h1><p>More guardians are going to online schoolwork help to assist kids with adapting to extreme school tests and different assignments that may stump them. Online schoolwork help is an extraordinary asset that leaves guardians alone proactive in helping their children perform better in school. Here are a few hints to consider while picking on the web schoolwork help.</p><p></p><p>There are a wide range of online schoolwork help benefits out there, however it is imperative to pick one that is centered around what you need. On the off chance that the schoolwork help site just spotlights on PC games, for instance, at that point the schoolwork help won't be extremely useful. Discover one that takes into account your youngster's needs and need, and discover the price.</p><p></p><p>If you are coming up short on thoughts for schoolwork help, give searching for it a shot diff erent locales. Discover the locales that spread all your school area, and go to the one that has the biggest number of current clients. For instance, the schoolwork help for the State of Alabama may be better than the schoolwork help for the State of Maryland.</p><p></p><p>Research what the online schoolwork assist suppliers' with encountering has been and see what their criticism is. A few destinations have bombed pitiably, while others appear to do very well.</p><p></p><p>Another significant interesting point is the manner by which schoolwork assist administrations with bringing in their cash. A bunch of them are overseen by partnerships, some of which are absolutely unprofessional.</p><p></p><p>Do your schoolwork to check whether schoolwork help is reasonable. Discover how they bring in their cash, what issues they are fathoming, and the amount they charge per exercise. Check with the FTC to ensure your child 's needs are being met.</p><p></p><p>After getting your work done, online schoolwork help ought to be a characteristic fit for your family. By setting aside the effort to locate a reliable schoolwork help administration, you'll have the option to give your kid an edge on their school work, while minimizing expenses. Picking the privilege online schoolwork help is going to spare you bunches of time and exertion, and let you save money on secondary school costs.</p>

Mentorship Relationships in Nursing - 907 Words

Mentorship Mentorship relationships have demonstrated a capability to improve the recruitment, training and retention of nurses. As leaders, we are challenged with healthcare transformation. In order to meet the demands of our healthcare system, we will need to not only intuitively adapt, but also consider innovative approaches to practice. The implications not only apply to quality of care of patients, but also to the development of future leaders. We will need to rely on the resources and talents we have within our organization in order to foster quality care and employee engagement. Mentoring in nursing can help support these objectives. This paper will review my contribution and advocacy related to taking a stand to promote our nursing future. Advocacy The development of nursing skills is dependant on experience exposure, evaluation, and reflection (Current Nursing, 2011). Learning becomes a building process by which we continuously engage in experiences that enhance our knowledge base and our capabilities to identify and respond. In order to bridge the experience gap, mentorship relationships can help nurture new or less experienced nurses build their nursing clinical and leadership skills. By advocating for the development of structured mentorship program I could help make a difference. According to research by Wallen et al. (2010) mentorship programs contributed to quicker adoption of â€Å"evidence-based practices and group cohesion† (p. 2761). Dr. ChoShow MoreRelatedEssay The Concept of Mentorship1074 Words   |  5 PagesIn the following assignment the author will critically explore, discuss, reflect upon and evaluate mentorship within clinical nursing placements. With particular reference to learning disabilit ies and respite care, the author will look at the needs and benefits of mentorship, as well as the problems and constraints, especially being in such a specialised service. The author will explore the area of orientation, looking at why it is such an important aspect of the whole placement area. Once theseRead MoreAssess and Workplace as a Learning Environment Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesMENTORSHIP PREPARATION | Assess and critically analysis your workplace as a learning environment and identify any changes you could make | | | Appendix 1 SWOT analysis of my work place. A SWOT is an acronym for strength, weaknesses; Opportunities and Threats). A SWOT analysis is a successful way of examing your own mentorship role and helping you grow and move forwards. Strengths a) Good communication skills b) Good timekeeping c) Good team player d) OrganisationRead MoreFaculty Mentor Program : Ethical And Legal Implications994 Words   |  4 PagesImplications According to Hansman (2009) mentoring in universities are both formal and informal relationship. Faculty mentors are engaged in formal relationships when â€Å"advising and chairing doctoral dissertations, thesis, or other student projects† (Hansman, 2009, p. 54). However, mentoring is an informal relationship between faculty mentors and new faculty members. Furthermore, the mentoring relationship may be a challenging experience creating ethical and legal concerns. While mentoring graduateRead MoreThe Role Of The Mentor1525 Words   |  7 Pagesstudents (pp 1384). This is detrimental to nursing students education (Courtney-Pratt et al ,2014) and according to the guidelines for mentors provided by the Royal College of Nursing (2005) and the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) mentors should always facilitate and support students education. Peters, Halcome and McInnes (2013) research on student experience re-enforces that students perception of their placement is directly affected by the relationship that they had with their mentor. Courtney-PrattRead MoreMentorship : Developing A Positive Learning Environment For Nurses Of All Backgrounds And All Different Levels Of Experience1424 Words   |  6 PagesMentorship can defined as a personal developmental relationship in which a more experienced or more knowledgeable person helps to guide a less experienced or less knowledgeable person. A mentor is a collaborative partner who is a role model and motivator providing support, help, enthusiasm, inspiration, and nurturing the clinical setting. â€Å"A mentor is also an active listener who will provide a safe, non-judgmental, friendly, and creative atmosphere for the new nurse† (Nursing Mentor, 2010, p. 1)Read MoreHow Mentoring Is Beneficial For The Workplace As Well As A Fulfilling Love For One s Career809 Words   |  4 Pagesform of minority. It is often challenging to minorities (especially women). Although, mentoring relationships are thought to be best between those who have similarities (educational bac kground, gender, race), it is beneficial for diverse teams to come together sharing cultural differences, views and mindsets. Diversity actually brings forth a great deal of benefits for shaping and building the relationships in mentoring teams. The bible shares with us in the bible that â€Å"one generation shall commendRead MoreMagnet And Its Effects On Nursing Practice1610 Words   |  7 PagesMagnet and its effects on Nursing Practice According to the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), there are 426 hospitals that have achieved Magnet status (ANCC, 2016). Hospitals that are designated Magnet facilities have a professional practice model that is based on a connection between their mission, values and nursing practice (Berger, Conway, Beaton, 2012). The professional practice model must also encompass the Magnet Program’s foundation for nursing excellence. The Magnet CertificationRead MoreReflective Practice : An Essential Attribute For The Development Of Autonomous, Critical And Advanced Practitioners1627 Words   |  7 PagesReflection is an essential attribute for the development of autonomous, critical and advanced practitioners. It is the ability to examine one’s actions and experiences in order to enhance individual clinical knowledge and nursing practice. Reflection is a professional motivator to â€Å"move on and do better with one’s practice†, with the common goal of learning from one’s experiences and examining oneself (Caldwell Grobbel, 2013). According to Chong (2009), â€Å"reflective practice should be a continuousRead MoreNovice to Expert Nurse Leader781 Words   |  4 PagesNOVICE TO EXPERT NURSE LEADER By Gwen Travis Gonzaga University NURS 553 The path to nursing leadership most often progresses from novice to expert nurse and then onto a novice nurse manager. The novice nurse manager is asked to lead and rarely given the tools or knowledge to be successful in this new role. The Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition discussed by Patricia Benner includes the following five levels of competency in the clinical nurse (Benner, 1982): * Level I – NOVICE –Read MoreHealthcare Smart Goals1309 Words   |  5 PagesHealthcare SMART Goals Name Instructors Name Course Code SMART Goals The first goal is to promote professional development through mentoring programs for career development, professional growth, increase of morale, and quality within my nursing career by the end of one year. The second goal is to apply the principles of effective organization involving use of information, focus on patient care giving, and design clinical care giving in an organizational chart to achieve organizational

Writing Persuasive Essays For Elementary Students

<h1>Writing Persuasive Essays For Elementary Students</h1><p>When you are composing powerful papers for rudimentary understudies, it is essential to remain sorted out. There are a few different ways to sort out exposition themes for rudimentary understudies. One way is use subjects that are identified with the course material. This implies your theme ought to be founded on an area or a subject that you are assigned.</p><p></p><p>Using your present class as a wellspring of points can be trying from the outset, yet it is useful when you have a ton of substance to cover. Another approach to arrange is to utilize the segment for an educating exercise. By discovering subjects and exercises that are not identified with the course material, you can arrange these themes in a way that isn't confusing.</p><p></p><p>You should compose your points by season and grade level. Commonly, understudies may climb in grades and become pro pelled when they arrive at the seventh grade. At the point when this happens, you will have a ton of new themes to expound on. In this way, you will need to figure out what the particular issues are for the forthcoming seventh grade year.</p><p></p><p>Next, you can look at your nearby library or book shops. Your nearby library has an enormous choice of showing books and commonly the perusing areas will contain subjects that are alloted to educating instructors. Likewise, numerous books that are instructing reading material might be free and accessible for youngsters and the more current books will necessitate that you pay for the later books.</p><p></p><p>Using books that identify with your encouraging courses will permit you to design your subjects before you even start composing. The rundown of subjects can be shifted from theme to point, contingent upon what you find.</p><p></p><p>Remember that the task is fo r your understudies to really peruse and inspect the data. In this way, don't befuddle what you are attempting to state with what they read. The most ideal approach to do this is to define your thoughts plainly, and afterward expound on how the data fits into your argument.</p><p></p><p>The most significant elements to consider when composing powerful papers for basic understudies are association and cohesiveness. By making a particular request and structure for your exposition points, you will have the option to all the more likely center your considerations and thoughts. By having a pre-characterized paper subject for each evaluation level, you won't need to figure which themes should be included the future.</p>

Research Papers on Nano Technology

<h1>Research Papers on Nano Technology</h1><p>People may make some troublesome memories understanding the idea of nano innovation, however they can in any event start the way toward composing research papers on nano innovation. This is a promising field and research papers on nano innovation can assist you with drawing out the most encouraging nanotech developments and points of interest for your organization. Here are a few thoughts that can be useful in your exploration papers on nano technology.</p><p></p><p>The first thought is to attempt to compose a concise paper to investigate a couple of various thoughts on nano innovation. To do this, you should conceptualize your thoughts, center and put them in an elegantly composed paper. You ought to have the option to successfully pass on your thoughts and considerations in a paper that doesn't contain a great deal of language. Simply think about the paper as a rundown of what you need to pass o n. In the event that you are only an amateur, simply ensure that you compose a diagram so you can undoubtedly fill in the remainder of the subtleties later.</p><p></p><p>Another thought that you can use for inquire about papers on nanotechnology is to expound on the connection among nanotechnology and different fields. For instance, in the event that you need to expound on how a material can be utilized to decrease the danger of disease, you should initially consider the foundation of nanotechnology. At that point you can expound on how a material that has been made by nanotechnology can be valuable for battling against malignant growth and the other diseases.</p><p></p><p>When you are taking a shot at your paper, you ought to likewise investigate a few books that have just expounded on the specific field. You can discover a great deal of data and assets about nano innovation by perusing the Internet. Along these lines, you can be prog ressively acquainted with what different analysts have expounded on the subject.</p><p></p><p>Many individuals will in general duplicate the thoughts and ideas from different sources, particularly with regards to composing their own examination papers on nano innovation. It is significant that you don't follow others' thoughts recorded as a hard copy your examination papers. You ought to consistently go on your own way and attempt to make your own exploration papers on nano innovation that can be of more value.</p><p></p><p>When expounding on new thoughts for inquire about papers on nano innovation, you should attempt to consider new ideas. Simply think about any potential applications for the new thoughts that you have found and attempt to associate them to the field. For instance, in the event that you figure out how to make materials that can improve the effectiveness of different electronic gadgets, you ought to expound on this sin ce you found an application for nano technology.</p><p></p><p>You ought to consistently recognize what territories of science, you are going to cover in your paper. In the event that you are expounding on an innovation that has just been created by the administration, you should ensure that you make an understood differentiation between the administration's creations and those that have been created by private associations. Notwithstanding, this might be actually quite difficult, particularly in the event that you are simply beginning out.</p><p></p><p>Research papers on nano innovation are fundamental devices for the two scientists and industry pioneers. You ought to consistently ensure that you compose something that is valuable and illuminating. The manner in which you compose your examination papers will decide how well your paper gets saw by potential customers.</p>

Sample Comments For Essay Submission

Sample Comments For Essay SubmissionIf you want to know what to include in your sample comments for essay submission, this article will help you out. I am going to briefly talk about the things that you should put in your comments.First of all, your essay is only as good as the grammar in it is an important part of making sure that your essay is well written. Of course, grammar errors can show up later on in the admissions process. But with a sample comments for essay submission, you can test yourself and see how you do. You can find out exactly how well you write. It is so much easier to improve that way.Also, you need to include good ideas. Including good ideas is especially important in essay writing, because it is difficult to find something that can apply to the content of your essay. You want to come up with some interesting things that you would be interested in knowing.The second most important thing to include in your comments is research. Research can be anything that you f ind while doing research. It might be research on the topic that you are writing about or it might be a book that you are reading or a movie that you are watching.When you are writing your comments, you can't just get on there and start writing. The idea is to get all of your thoughts out. This will help you remember things that you have already read or discussed during the interview.After that, you need to include your opinions. One of the reasons why people are so adamant about essays is because they want to make sure that they are part of a group that they feel they have something that is unique to say.These are the key points that they want to incorporate in their essay. Make sure that you always provide these key points so that you don't sound like you are trying to sell them to the university. You should also use examples, so that you are clearly pointing out examples that have been useful to you.By taking the time to make your comments for essay submission interesting, you wi ll make it easier for the admissions officer to read and decide whether or not you will be a good fit for the school. The last thing that you want to do is to just write an essay just to get into school.

Chinese History Essay Topics For History Enthusiasts

<h1>Chinese History Essay Topics For History Enthusiasts</h1><p>When it comes to composing a Chinese history article you should choose a theme dependent fair and square of your understudy. For a propelled level understudy they will need to concentrate on Chinese history to comprehend the historical backdrop of the Chinese government and the administration's mentality towards its people.</p><p></p><p>Topics in a course may run from the earliest starting point of history, to old China, the Ming Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty. For a cutting edge China you should choose subjects on the Chinese web, American impact, and worldwide web correspondence. Recall that each understudy is unique and you can discover a thought for a theme on their own.</p><p></p><p>You should figure out what you need your understudies to gain from contemplating the authentic truth of the nation. Some will be keen on finding out about how the nation ca me to be the place it is today. Others will be progressively keen on finding out about how the general public has changed over the years.</p><p></p><p>There are three essential characters in the Chinese language that permit you to compose a wide range of kinds of words. These are the ideographic character framework (or I-ch'i) which is really shaped from the strokes of a wooden chopstick. You should utilize this when ensuring that the characters have a similar significance. These strokes are then assembled to shape words and sentences.</p><p></p><p>The next character framework is known as the hand which is a sort of ideographic character framework. The explanation behind utilizing the ideographic character framework is that it is the most ideal approach to speak to the hints of the characters and is easy to compose. The hanzi framework isn't as adaptable in light of the fact that it doesn't utilize strokes to shape the sounds.</p> ;<p></p><p>Once you figure out how to compose the ideographic characters you ought to get familiar with the most significant characters of the Chinese language. Chinese hasfive fundamental composing frameworks which are spoken to by these characters. These characters are in, xiao, a sex, and li.</p><p></p><p>Readers should realize how to peruse these characters and what they mean so as to comprehend the remainder of the story. A portion of the significant character mixes incorporate li gui li chi li, which signifies 'face and hand and discourse and space' and li fu ni li cao, which signifies 'sound and discourse and body and motion.' This mix can likewise be composed as fu ni li cao.</p><p></p><p>Once you think about the historical backdrop of the Chinese government and the manner in which the country is run you should take a gander at the a wide range of points in Chinese history exposition themes that relate to the subject. There are in excess of a couple and every give the tale of the country. Understudies will need to know why the legislature does certain things and what their musings are on sure issues.</p>

Using Short Samples of Persuasive Essay to Get the Job You Want

<h1>Using Short Samples of Persuasive Essay to Get the Job You Want</h1><p>'Short tests of enticing paper' that gets you consideration is a well known strategy that can assist you with landing the position you need. You can utilize this procedure in any event, when you are as of now a veteran in your vocation field. Truth be told, this strategy will help you land the position as well as build up yourself as truly outstanding in your picked field. Along these lines, you will construct validity and great notoriety in your picked field.</p><p></p><p>You can remember short examples of powerful exposition for your resume. In any case, you should know the distinction between a decent resume and a terrible resume. The vast majority of the activity trackers nowadays don't have the opportunity to understand continues so they will simply observe the name of the organization followed by the organization's address.</p><p></p><p>By remembering short examples of a powerful article for your resume, you will have the option to pass on to the business that you realize how to sell or convince others. This is a successful strategy supposing that you are acceptable at selling, at that point you can unquestionably land the position you want. On the off chance that you are searching for an economical method to find a new line of work or a meeting, at that point this procedure can help you a lot.</p><p></p><p>The first thing you have to consider is whether you have enough work history. So you should recollect that in the event that you lack work, you can't give any valuable data. A resume with no work history will simply get you dismissed from the business' perspective.</p><p></p><p>When you present your resume, you should include an individual proclamation that communicates your encounters. You can compose an individual explanation that exhibits how you got to where you are today and how you have had any kind of effect in your life. By remembering short examples of a convincing paper for your resume, you can likewise incorporate a line expressing how you have transformed you or how you have changed the lives of others.</p><p></p><p>You should likewise remember a powerful exposition for your resume. Your resume should be convincing so you should incorporate enticing exposition that is intense and contains simple to-peruse and straightforward sections. In this way, in the event that you have just functioned as an advisor for different firms, you can incorporate convincing exposition that clarifies your history, accomplishments and qualifications.</p><p></p><p>When you are composing influential article, you should ensure that you incorporate all the necessary components like catchphrases, presentation, end, supporting citations, and other applicable components. You should follow every one of the focuses appropriately to ensure that you are plainly imparting your message. That is the way to creating great results.</p>

The Key to Successful Example of Apa Style Research Paper

<h1> The Key to Successful Example of Apa Style Research Paper </h1> <h2> What to Do About Example of Apa Style Research Paper Before You Miss Your Chance </h2> <p>If you used irregular choice to choose your members, it should be noted here. Make certain to explain how members were relegated to each gathering. Understudies could rather look for the counsel of composing companies.</p> <p>The expanding ethnic and racial decent variety of the country is associated with the administration approaches. The rules which were expressed above have these favorable circumstances. Some the issues related with these sorts of approaches 5. In the first place, start with watching some of the ordinary standards of APA design. </p> <h2> What Everybody Dislikes About Example of Apa Style Research Paper and Why</h2> <p>There are loads of decides that help you to build up your composing plan. On the off chance that you're not ready to do the examination paper because of any explanation, you can trust ProfEssays to compose for you in understanding to your prerequisites. On the off chance that this your example, you should make theoretical piece of your work. An individual may likewise be asking why the MLA style should be utilized. </p> <p>The noteworthiness of the framework in the examination paper is clear. It's anything but an errand for on e day. An individual ought to understand that each Research Paper is a modern composing since it must contain unmistakable research and particular thought. Composing an examination paper represents an issue for most of understudies as a result of the level of trouble there's nothing more needed than to deliver one for every subject. </p> <p>At length, in case you're composing your paper for a course or for a specific production, remember to endure as a top priority a specific guidelines provided by your educator or by the diary editorial manager. In case you're taking a brain research class, it is incredibly likely your teacher will demand that you create an APA paper at some point or another. On the off chance that your educator gives you the APA rules, at that point great for you. Turning out to be scholastically effective isn't a simple activity. </p> <h2> The Fight Against Example of Apa Style Research Paper </h2> <p>There are a few unique arrangements of decides that are applied dependent on the points of interest of the zone of study. Since you may see, the absolute first passage utilizes insights to show the significance of the subject, the second goes into the pastthe government approaches that caused decent variety. The structure of the best approach to compose examine papers ha ve transformed into the most recognizable part of each organizing norm. You can compose just its key segments or present an intensive arrangement with a few subsections. </p> <p>You will be satisfied you topped off the buy structure. Hence, it shouldn't join any material. There it is conceivable to figure out how to develop the structure and its components. In the occasion the structure of the chief body has numerous levels, it is desirable over utilize diverse numbering styles. </p> <h2> Gossip, Lies and Example of Apa Style Research Paper </h2> <p>You may likewise set the page number, with the specific organization, at the finish of the sentence. A cover sheet is customarily in the center of the page and is a brief outline of the subject. Demonstrate it is a running head on the cover sheet and set the quantity of the absolute first page. The style utilizes an in-content reference as well. </p> <p>For each source that is refered to, you will incorporate things like passages which are longer in the area for references and offer data that is point by point. This data must be precisely the same as in the reference list. The page number must be put on the upper right-hand corner of the website page. The assortment of the website page should be demonstrated at the right-hand corner of the site page. </p> <p>Using headings and subheadings give the perusers a general thought of what things to envision from the paper and leads the dissemination of conversation. Regardless of whether there keep on being subheadings you might want to include underneath the past subheading, use Arab numerals in enclosure. Every one of your headings must be equivalent in centrality or significance of each other. Presently you need to make a point to create your different headings and sub-headings have action words inside them. </p> <p>A layout is a sort of structure that is as of now organized in your report so you can begin composing on opening it. You could likewise observe thoroughly free layout. This layout is expected to lead you in your composition, and that implies you won't be speechless when you're composing. Making an apa plot is the absolute first issue to do in building up a structure on what will be written in the paper and the manner in which it's composed. </p>

Finding the Best Comparison Essay Samples Free

<h1>Finding the Best Comparison Essay Samples Free </h1> <p>Make sure to watch your sources, so you're going to reference them further on. There are a great deal of sites out there which give an accessible database of papers that you can buy or download for nothing out of pocket. You wonder on the off chance that you had the option to simply find a paper available to be purchased on the web. Inside this occasion an examination paper to purchase is an extraordinary alternative. </p> <p>This sort of article is notable in science and history classes. Furthermore, you can investigate extraordinary examination paper themes. Beneath you'll discover certain guidelines about how to form a correlation article on any subject, which is elegantly composed and will have better open door than procure a high evaluation. Beneath you'll discover explicit directions about how to create a contentious article on any point, which is elegantly composed and will have generally excellent chance to have a passing mark. </p> <p>Regardless of what things you chose to look at in your exposition, however you have to make the explanation you chose contrasts or similitudes to analyze. You can start by presenting an interesting reality about all of your subjects. Since you can envision, I was urgent and lost in light of the fact that since I would think of something which could work, I didn't have the right sources. Prior to composing the genuine paper, you must cautiously t hink about your subjects. </p> <h2> The War Against Comparison Essay Samples Free</h2> <p>It's exceptionally energetically prescribed to begin with examination first, so the accentuation will be determined to the differentiation, letting the distinctions to be increasingly vital to the peruser. At the point when you have adequate space, you are going to feel not so much pushed but rather more self-assured. Additionally, various changes forestall repetitiveness. </p> <h2>Up in Arms About Comparison Essay Samples Free? </h2> <p>It's conceivable to likewise on the other hand talk about various components of your subjects, passage by section. You may give a solitary section each for every feature of your subjects which you're contrasting, until all the perspectives are totally talked about. In the event that you simply need to think about two thoughts, at that point, quickly differentiate them in the presentation, before continuing with th e rest of the content. It's terrifically imperative to pick the right theme, since it much of the time chooses the accomplishment of your near examination paper. </p> <p>Some acquaintance would in like manner be powerful with the perusers as it would give them an impact on what sort of author you are and what sort of article they are perusing. 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Creating a Good College Application Essay

Creating a Good College Application EssayThe College Application Essay (C.A.E.) is the ultimate written test. It is short and succinct, yet at the same time extremely comprehensive enough to cover all the bases. It is truly a wonder that this standardized exam remains as competitive as it does for so many years. However, students should not let the importance of a well written essay lie just on paper.A great C.A.E. essay is the key to getting accepted to any college. However, it is even more important to get into a college that is well known in the area you wish to attend. It is therefore critical that you use the C.A.E. as the beginning of a longer essay to convince admissions officers that you will be a quality addition to their campus. The essay must be persuasive, well-written, and contain all the necessary information. It must also be brief enough to convey your intended course of study but be long enough to be useful in the curriculum.The College Application Essay is not only a n essay; it is a powerful tool in convincing admissions officials that you will be a valuable part of their learning experience. That is why a student should make sure to design an essay that will impress, engage, and persuade the faculty at the college or university in which they intend to attend. There are many tools available to a student that can help the student accomplish this goal. Some are more effective than others, but the most essential is the C.A.E.There are many sample essays that are standard for the Common App, yet there are also many more that can be modified to suit a specific student. For example, there are essay examples for students considering a program offered by a particular college, and there are some helpful tips for writing essays that will stand out from the rest.The Common App is a great tool for teaching students how to write. They will learn how to do so while putting essays together and will be able to look back at their own and other students' work an d gain insight into the skills they will need to write better essays in the future.A good essay begins with an introduction. This part should present a way to introduce yourself, inform the reader of what the essay is about, and reiterate what you wish to communicate.The next part of the Common App is the body of the essay. Here, the student will present a clear and concise summary of the points they wish to make in the essay. These points can include your academic and personal goals for the course, your skills and abilities that will be important in the course, and any additional information about you that are important to the reader. In some cases, a student may not be able to write clearly about all the reasons for their essay, and this is fine.The College Application Essay is a tremendous tool for both students and admissions officers. Students can take advantage of this powerful writing experience while ensuring that they get an overall positive impression of themselves and the ir potential.

Use Updikes A&P By John Updike To Gain Interest In His Essays

Use Updike's A&P By John Updike To Gain Interest In His EssaysWhat can you do with A&P by John Updike if you want to find out about his interests? You may not have heard of him yet, but if you are looking for information on the novelist himself, you will have a lot of material to work with.On top of being famous, one can use this book as an indicator of what his style of writing may be. Updike's novels usually cover the 'Uncle Tom' scenario and follow the lives of people who lived in the United States during slavery.Updike has said that he wrote these books because he was taken into slavery in the first place. He describes the experience in his book-plays as 'a moment of casual intimacy.'With that in mind, what else can you expect from A&P by John Updike? That is actually quite a big question because there are a number of things that people can gain from reading it.One reason that people can come to appreciate the author is that he describes life so well. He says that he often feels as if he is just the voyeur of the story. In other words, he doesn't focus on anything that's really interesting but rather on the human being that he's following.Another reason why A&P by John Updike can be useful to people is that it provides interesting essay topics. Most of the time, he talks about the life experiences of someone who wasn't from the Southern United States.If you happen to be someone who has written about slavery, you can use this book as a reference. Since he writes about an experience that people had back then, you can learn a lot by trying to apply some of the strategies that he uses to write.Now that you know what you can gain from A&P by John Updike, it's up to you to take advantage of this. Good luck!

Stem Cells and Their Effect on Tumor Growth and Cancer...

Zoology Stem Cells and Their Effect on Tumor Growth and Cancer Creation Stem cells are a growing phenomenon in the cancer research world. Researchers are getting closer and closer to a cure, they are exploring other options to treat cancer. Stem cells are relatively new to the medical world, making their first appearance in 1956 (†Timeline for Stem Cell Research†, 1), and as with everything, there are flaws. Despite these flaws, stem cell treatment is something more people are turning to, as it is widely becoming one of the most popular ways to treat cancer (besides radiation and chemotherapy, respectively). Stem cell treatments are not accepted by all, as the rising questions are becoming, ‘Do stem cells worsen cancer?’, or better yet ‘Can stem cell treatments give rise to new types of cancer?’ My purpose in this paper is to discuss not only the bad, but also the good in stem cells. In 2005, in a relatively unknown country, a family had a child diagnos ed with ataxia-telangiectasia, a disease that slows down bodily functions such as your immune system, speech, and vision (Genetics Hm. Reference). Without any other feasible options, they took their child to Moscow, Russia to begin stem cell treatments. They went back three times over the next three years, and in the third year, the boy was diagnosed with a brain tumor. The tumor had resulted from the stem cells that were inserted into the child’s brain. (Ballantyne) These particular stem cells had originated fromShow MoreRelatedStem Cells Research The Regeneration Of Medicine. Stem1526 Words   |  7 PagesStem Cells Research the Regeneration of Medicine Stem cells research is one of the most powerful areas of medicine that is both researched and passionately argued. 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It belongs to synonym Aloe barbadensis Miller of liliaceae family (Kaufman et al., 1989). Aloe, native to Africa, is also known as â€Å"lily of the desert†, the à ¢â‚¬Å"plant of immortality†, and the â€Å"medicinal plant†. The leaves contain aRead MoreBreast Cancer : A Common Type Of Cancer Among Women Essay1997 Words   |  8 PagesWhen people hear breast cancer, they usually think of women first. Unfortunately, breast cancer can affect men as well, although at a slight lower rate. However, it is the most common type of cancer among women. For women, the breast becomes an important organ during childbirth, primarily for breast-feeding. Of course, every organ is important as they play their own vital roles; however, the breast takes on a number of significant roles to keep the body properly functioning. 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Industrial relations free essay sample

This paper identifies the key theories in industrial relations and draws out their implications on the concern for achieving ‘basic needs for all’. The following theories are examined: the political theories of Unitarism and Pluralism; the economistic theory; the democratic and political theory; the moral and ethical theory, and the Marxist theory. A conclusion is drawn on the note of identifying the weakness and strength of labour struggles in the striving to improve the wellbeing of the working class. THEORIES IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS Political Theory of Unitarism The essence of the unitary theory is that the larger social system or the work enterprise as a sub-system of the larger social system is a unitary organisation. The larger social system or the work enterprise is likened to a football team or a family which shares a common goal. Just like the head of the family supposedly knows what is best for all members of the family and acts at all times in the interest of the family as a whole, so also the government (in the case of the larger society) or the management (in the case of an enterprise) symbolizes the common good of all parties in the enterprise. On this basis, as members of a football team should unquestionably listen to the coach or as the troops must obey the command structure in the army without complaining, and as the children (and possibly the wife, in many cases) should not query the authority of their parents (and husband), so also the workers should be absolutely loyal to the government or management as the case may be. From the unitarist perspective, all the ideas, perceptions and actions of management or government are legitimate and rational and all the ideas, perceptions and actions of the workers that conflict with the command of the management or government are illegitimate and irrational. Trade unions are seen as a product of sectional greed or an imperfect understanding of the common (or national) interest, which the management/government represents. In some political context, unions may be viewed as a vehicle for those who want to overthrow the existing order. To a unitarist advocate, trade unions and their political organisations are an aberration and should be suppressed. Where they cannot be suppressed successfully, they should be used to serve as a means of effective communication, regulation and compliance. The use of legal regulations backed by coercive sanctions by the management is therefore desirable, legitimate and rational to force the workers in line with governmental/managerial prerogatives. From the standpoint of meeting basic welfare needs, the unitarist theory supports unilateral determination of terms and conditions of work by the employer. The will, ideas and perceptions of the employer/government in this regard are to be accepted unconditionally by the workers. It can therefore be seen that the unitarist ideology is the ideology of conservative ruling classes. It is based on the asserted and enforced legal right of the employer (the master) over the worker (the servant) which has found its way into the employment contract. It is the conception that views the King/Sovereign as supreme over the subjects. The pronouncement or will of the Sovereign is law, regulating the behaviour of others. The ideas, perceptions and interest of management or government are superior and must be imposed and obeyed without questioning because they represent the interest of the people as a whole. The goal of the unitarist is to domesticate the whole of the social unit (society, industrial enterprise, family, school, etc) under his control. The unitarist ruler alone (as the guardian of the society) can determine how society is to be organized, what the goals should be and what changes are desirable. Sectarian agitations/activity by workers, students, peasants, professionals, market women, etc, can only dissipate the national will and energy. Political Theory of Pluralism The political theory of pluralism is a by-product of the concern of bourgeois oriented social scientists for ‘democratic’ and ‘stable’ political institutions in the face of the threats posed to the continued survival of capitalist democracies (parliamentary or military dictatorship) by the pressures of the struggles of the deprived working masses. The Pluralist doctrine is therefore a political theory which seeks to redress the shortcomings of a capitalist political order in order to prevent its overthrow and safeguard the status-quo. Pluralism’s major concern is a safeguard of existing production relations and power structure. It is the ideology of those who preach ‘end of ideology’, that is end of class based politics and the possibility of harmonious relations between the oppressed and the oppressor. That instead of class domination and class antagonism, it is possible to have a neutral, central sovereign authority, the State, which can be lobbied by competing pressure groups to satisfy the interests of all classes equally. Just as the name, pluralist, connotes multiple, so also there are many variants of what is called the pluralist theory. The pluralist theory is the direct opposite of unitarism. The pluralist theory maintains that the social system (or an industrial enterprise as a sub-system of the social system) is not a unitary organisation but a coalition of individuals and groups with sectional interests and distinct perception of the social structure. However, the coalition of groups that make up the enterprise shares the commitment to maintain a structure which allows each group to pursue its aspirations through bargaining. The pluralist ideology does not claim perfection of the social structure. A certain amount of conflict is expected as an assurance that no group is being suppressed. Hence, there is recognition that it may be necessary to reform the system in terms of making marginal adjustments in rewards or in work rules. However, where one party, particularly the working class, coerces the other to accept claims outside the bargained normative consensus, it will be justifiable to apply legal sanctions. On this premise, pluralist advocates see unions not as a regrettable historical carry over but a manifestation of one of the values of competitive and democratic societies in which freedom of association, assembly and action is guaranteed within legal limits. Thus, trade unions are welcome to play a role in job regulation, collective bargaining, and so on. Advocates of pluralism seem confident that given patience and skill, mutually agreed and fully legitimized procedure, agreements can always be reached to resolve grievances when they arise. The Pluralist perspective asks managers or state functionaries to be tolerant of unions or labour based political organisations, and to realise that from the point of view of the trade unions, legitimacy of their rule is not automatic but rather the management control function should be shared with labour. Pluralists do not see transgressors of the general existing societal norms as aberrants but as non-conformers whose punishment would be counter-productive. Therefore what should be done is a re-negotiated reconstruction of those norms provided they are within the pluralist frame-work rather than a separate ideology altogether. Thus, the need for procedural agreements to resolve conflicts before they degenerate is rooted in pluralism. From the foregoing, the central idea that runs through pluralism is the notion that: traditional rights and liberties are under threat from increasing state authoritarianism produced by unitarist ideology and that a reinforcement of the status of intermediate associations is a pre-condition for the protection of individual freedom as well as a guarantee for political democracy and stability. The pluralist doctrine regards each of the intermediate sectional interest groups (e. g. political parties, trade unions, employers organisations, consumers associations, students unions, peasant organisations, cooperative societies, community organisations, professional bodies, human rights groups, etc) as centres of power whose existence cannot allow state despotism to hold sway and in that situation, there will be adequate diffusion or distribution of power in society at any point in time. Within the context of the goal of poverty reduction and providing basic needs to all, the pluralist ideology advocates determination of terms and conditions of work through the framework of collective bargaining in contradistinction to the unitarist’s unilateral fixation by the employer. Implicit in the pluralist ideology are the following weaknesses: The assumption of ‘equal bargaining parties’. But the parties in the industry are not equal. As Lenin puts it, whereas the employer may do away with one worker and employ another, the worker can only leave one capitalist employer for another; he cannot escape the capitalist  class as a whole without renouncing his own existence. The illusion that there is ‘power balance’ between the employer and the trade unions. While it cannot be disputed that unions check the exploitation of the workers by the employers, there is no such thing as equality of power. The employer has behind it the support of the state apparatus of coercion – the regular police, the secret police, the judiciary, the army, the civil service bureaucracy – which can be used at various times, overtly or covertly, to bend the workers towards the position required by the employer. As Fox (1973:211) aptly puts it: ‘capital can, as it were, fight with one hand behind its back and still achieve in most situations a verdict that it finds tolerable. Only if labour were to challenge an essential prop of the structure would capital need to bring into play anything approaching its full strength, thus destroying at once the illusion of a power balance ’ Workers are expected to accept the status-quo. The concept of collective bargaining demands of the workers to accept the system of wage slavery and not to oppose it. Thus, bargaining may be about marginal adjustments in hierarchical rewards but not about the existence of the principle of hierarchical rewards. (Fox, 1973: 219). The false assumption of parties sharing common ideas. Thus, Dunlop (1958: 380) opines that an industrial relations system at any one time in its development comprises, among others, an ideology, which binds the industrial relations system together. He defines ‘ideology’ as ‘a body of ideas and beliefs commonly held by the actors that helps to bind or integrate the system together as an entity’. The Dunlopian conception merely reflects the weight and influence of the ideas of the ruling class on the working class. This shows that the ideas of the ruling class are the ruling or dominant ideas in the society. Thus, the ruling ideas tend to condition the working class to feel it is futile attempting to change the traditional ways in which things are done. For example, it may be inconceivable for some workers to challenge so called managerial prerogatives. Based on the above weaknesses in the pluralist ideology, it should be clear that though pluralism represents some advance over unitarism, it is equally deficient in certain respects. Economistic Theory of Trade Unions The economistic theory looks at trade unions as purely organisations concerned with the employment relations. It therefore denies workers or trade unions of political consciousness. The perspective restricts the responsibility of the union to the purely sectional (trade) interests of the workers. To this theory, workers are and should just be concerned with ‘negotiable’ employment issues – wage increase, improvement of working conditions, etc. To this spurious theory, trade unions should just be concerned with collective bargaining, lobbying legislators and government to pass favourable legislation, embarking on ‘responsible’ strikes aimed at settling terms and conditions related to problems arising out of the employment relationship. This kind of reasoning informed Abacha’s dictatorship berating the oil workers’ unions that led the strikes over the annulment of June 12 elections and the incarceration of the acclaimed winner – Chief M. K. O. Abiola, because according to the regime, the issue of June 12 was outside the scope of ‘trade unionism’. The Obasanjo regime, like all regimes in Nigeria that increased fuel prices, maintained the same position on strikes called in protest against perennial price increases on petroleum products. A court judgment also backed up this economistic perspective. This was the case in the June 2007 nationwide strike action. As recorded in the judgment of the Court of Appeal in Adams Oshiomhole and Nigeria Labour Congress V. Federal Government of Nigeria and Attorney-General of the Federation (2007) 8 NWLR (Pt. 1035) at page 58, the court declared the strike illegal. The major issue in the case was the imposition of a N1. 50 fuel tax with effect from 1st January 2004 by the Obasanjo regime. Labour and other civil society organizations declared a strike against it. The court held that the Nigeria Labour Congress had no right to call out workers on strike against general economic and political decisions of the Federal Government because such have nothing to do with breach of individual contracts of employment with various employers as envisaged in the Trade Disputes Act. The above decision of the court runs counter to the principle established by the ILO Committee on Freedom of Association, which stated that the occupational and economic interests which workers defend through the exercise of the right to strike do not only concern better working conditions or collective claims of an occupational nature, but also the seeking of solutions to economic and social policy questions. In the same spirit, the Committee stated that workers and their organizations should be able to express their dissatisfaction regarding economic and social matters affecting workers’ interests in circumstances that extend beyond the industrial disputes that are likely to be resolved through the signing of a collective agreement (ILO, 1996a, para. 484). Thus, in its examination of a particular case, the Committee concluded that ‘[a] general protest strike demanding that an end be put to the hundreds of murders of trade union leaders and unionists during the past few years is a legitimate trade union activity and its prohibition therefore constitutes a serious violation of freedom of association’ (ILO, 1996a, para. 495). Enomistic unionists or advocates of pure trade unionism or trade union economism are interested in maintaining collective bargaining that ensures ‘routinisation of conflict’. Theoretically, with collective bargaining, none of the parties to collective bargaining can take the other by surprise. Forms of action and reaction can be generally predicted. As a result, the process of resolving conflicts that cannot be prevented undermines actions that may pose a threat to the capitalist order. It is within the economistic ideological framework that Professor J. T. Dunlop (1958) defined an industrial relations system in terms of three actors and their representatives, namely, (a) hierarchy of management; (b) hierarchy of workers’ organisations; and (c) public or private agencies concerned with the regulation of the affairs of the former two. Dunlop recognizes that each of the actors may have independent ideologies but that these ideologies should be sufficiently compatible and consistent to permit a common set of ideas which recognizes an acceptable role for each actor within the existing social order. In other words, this means that trade unions should never aspire to acquire political power, either within individual enterprises or in the larger society. Each of the actors (in their various groups) should continue to perform their known constant role on a permanent basis. It is on that basis that a stable society can be maintained and to that extent each of the sectional groups need each other and they are therefore unavoidably interdependent. Here lies the basis of the popular deception that workers and employers are partners in progress. To Hugh Clegg (1960: 21) an assured place for trade unions in society is dependent on the condition that unions do not concern themselves with the question of ownership of industry for this has no bearing on ‘good’ industrial relations. To him, ‘trade unions are an opposition that can never become government’ (1951: 19 – 36). The classical definition of trade unions offered by Sidney and Beatrice Webb, almost a century ago also subscribes to this view of trade unions as economistic organisations: ‘a continuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their working lives’. But the issue is that life outside work place is determined by the life (the living standard offered) inside the work place. The Nigerian legal definition of trade unions in The Trade Unions Act also restricts the role of trade unions to the economic disputes/issues at the workplace. The Act defines a trade union as ‘any combination of workers or employers †¦ the purpose of which is to regulate the terms and conditions of employment of workers’. From the foregoing, those who restrict unions to economistic roles do so for either of two reasons as Lenin (1970) pointed out: hypocritical screen for counter revolution or a complete lack of class consciousness. This means either a conscious attempt to ideologically enslave the working class to the bourgeoisie, or (ii) unconscious enslavement of the working class to the bourgeoisie. The latter reflects a low level of class consciousness. However, the weakness and bankruptcy of the economistic theory is that economic decisions are products of political decisions. The wage structure and pricing of petroleum products, prospects for job security, pension and gratuity matters, and so on, are politically determined. Why then should the workers and their unions not be involved in conscious political activity to reshape their future? In situations where the oppressed classes are not significantly involved in political decision making processes, meeting basic needs and solving poverty issues will remain a mirage. Democratic and Political Theories of Trade Unions This perspective recognizes the role of power in human relationship. It recognizes that the balance of forces within individual enterprises could largely be determined by the political decision at the level of the larger society. The perspective therefore maintains that the union has a role to play in extending workers’ rights to have a say in decisions which affect them both in the micro and macro environments. Some scholars have in fact noted that from the workers’ point of view, this political role which accords ‘dignity’ to the worker is more important than the economic gains of pure trade unionism. Chamberlain (1951) for example identifies two main ‘political activities of trade unions – industrial government and industrial management. ‘Industrial Government’ refers to viewing collective bargaining as a constitution-making institution which makes rules governing the workers–employers/government relationship in order to prevent one party being taken by surprise. ‘Industrial management’ refers to seeing union representatives participating in the management function of the enterprise in the areas of mutual, rather than competing interests. Allan Flanders equally argues that the basic social purpose of trade unions is ‘job regulation’ not only within the confines of the industry but also at the national level in order to influence overall levels of employment, economic planning, etc. The role of ‘job regulation’ was not to be an end itself but ‘as a means for the free development of the individual worker during the course of working life per se’ (cited in Poole, 1981: 18). However, the political role assigned to labour by the ‘Democratic’ perspective does not give room for the aspirations of the workers to seize political power and re-organise the whole society on a new basis. The political role expected of labour by this perspective is to be within the framework of existing production relations and power structure. In Nigeria, the predominant mode of involvement of labour in politics by the mainstream of the movement has been restricted to this perspective. Thus, labour has opposed authoritarian tendencies and violation of rights; defended national sovereignty, and democratic rights. We can establish examples of concern for wider national issues (which have nothing to do with employment relations) at every stage of labour’s history in Nigeria. The point is that while it has a lot of value, the ‘democratic’ perspective concedes the right to govern to some so called professional politicians while labour’s role is restricted to pressure group activity asking the government to rule with some humaneness. The point is that the class that wields political power uses it to advance its own interests. Therefore, unless the working class and the poor are politically empowered, sustaining the welfare of ordinary people, in terms of basic needs cannot be guaranteed. Moral and Ethical Theories of Trade Unions This theory essentially assigns a role to trade unions from a religious moral point of view. It is based on the Christian’s (and Muslim’s) belief in the ‘brotherhood of man’ and the consequent mutual obligations’ based on compassion for the unfortunate and from the belief that evil in society emanates from incessant accumulation of riches and interpersonal competition. From the point of view of this perspective, the emergence of trade unions, the idea that binds unionists together, the tonic that keeps the union going and sustains it, the rationale and justification for the existence of the union is the extent to which it is committed to upholding and defending certain societal ethics and morals, which make the welfare of the disadvantaged the focus of its activity. What sustains the loyalty of some members to the union could be its commitment in defence of the poor. A well known human rights crusader, Chief Gani Fawehinmi, in an interview with the Tell magazine expressed this religious factor to explain his commitment to the people’s cause: By all standards I am not a poor man. I am convenient and comfortable and I believe that if I don’t do what I am doing for those who are not as opportune as myself, God will punish me. Apart from that, I am always at home fighting for the deprived, the neglected, the repressed and the oppressed. If I have no cause to fight for, I am like a fish out of water. What sustains me is the struggle. What gives me blood is my conviction and what propels me is my dedication to that conviction And so, if I have no genuine cause to fight for, I die. (cited in Dateline, No. 13, March 30, 1995). Although the influence of religious beliefs has waned in explaining the character of trade unions in our time, it has transformed into concern for ‘justice’. Flanders points out that the capacity of the trade unions to survive the hostility of the State and sustain the loyalty of union membership is hinged on commitment to justice: The trade union movement deepened its grip on public life in its aspect as a sword of justice. When it is no longer seen to be this, when it can no longer count on anything but its own power to withstand assault, it becomes extremely vulnerable. The more so since it is as a sword of justice rather than a vested interest that it generates loyalties and induces sacrifices among its own members and these are important foundations of its strength and vitality (Cited in Aborisade, 1994). The ethical and moral theory means that the strength of the trade union movement in its activities and struggles lies in its capacity to win popular support. Winning popular support is also predicated on the types of issues taken up by the trade unions. A trade union struggle that is concerned with actualizing specific basic needs for the vulnerable groups cannot but win over, not just the support but also the practical involvement of the poor classes in practical action. Sam Omatseye, writing in The Nation (10 November 2008: back page) gave us the practical lesson in the electoral victory of Obama as President of the United States ‘I think Obama is also being rewarded for being good to his fellow people. After a Harvard law degree, he could have earned millions of dollars on Wall Street. But he abandoned all of that and went into community organizing, helping people who could not find meals or homes or get education. It was the benefit of that experience that helped him to craft the spectacular victory for the ages. Nigerians should learn that money is not everything. Only love for your fellow human can even give us the success we want. That is the lesson of Obaman’s triumph. We must ponder this while we celebrate’. If fighting for the vulnerable classes can earn an individual such victory, how much more would the trade union movement advance the cause of fighting to win basic needs for all? THE MARXIST THEORY The import of the Marxian theory as far as achieving basic needs for all is concerned is that only if organized labour leads the other poor strata in actions can meaningful changes occur in living standards. Hyman (1975) explains that capitalism constitutes a complex of work and social relations of production. The main features of the capitalist structure of work relations consist of the following: private ownership of productive forces; Concentration of ownership in the hands of a small minority, the obligation of the majority of society to sell their labour power as a commodity; the domination of profit as the fundamental motive of economic activity; and top-down hierarchical control over production processes by the few owners or their managerial representatives. The structure of the capitalist work relations thus presents an exploitative relationship – the wages and salaries paid to the employees represent only a portion of the value they collectively produce. The remainder is appropriated by the employer as profit. The capitalist context of production is therefore an inherently conflictual class relation. Given the employee status (as opposed to a producer status) of the worker in the capitalist context of production, the workers, individually and collectively, are alienated from having a say in what is produced (product or service), how what is produced is produced (that is, the process) and deciding on the allocation of resources or profit, the surplus value. Based on the capitalist structure of work relations, Marxists consider that capitalist societies are increasingly characterized by two major antagonistic classes, defined by their economic status. These are the ruling class (capitalists) and the subject-class (workers). Capitalists own and/or control the means of production, distribution, consumption and exchange, as well as the means of political domination. The workers on the other hand are the subordinate class who neither own nor control significant property, but are subjected to the servitude of the interest of the ruling class, and is thereby politically, economically, and socially exploited and dominated. Bukharin explains that based on the exploitative and conflictual class relationship, the capitalist system is by nature a violent system. Any system based on the exploitation of the overwhelming majority by a tiny minority can only survive by repressing the other class violently. A system that thrives by the imposition of the interests of the minority on the entire society can only engender social chaos, turbulence and war. To Bukharin, the capitalist society is unthinkable without armaments, as it is unthinkable without wars. He posits that war is nothing but another method of competition at a specific level of development and that conflictual economic interests give rise to the inevitability of the existence of arms and wars (See IST in Africa, 2007). The Marxian theory of the state maintains that the state is an  instrument of class domination. Whichever class wields political power uses it to advance the interests of its members by oppressing the other class. In a capitalist society, the state is ‘the executive committee of the bourgeoisie’; it protects the property of the capitalist classes and adopts whatever policies, including violence, to sustain the status-quo. Within the capitalist context, the property-less class is taught to understand that it is in its interest, and within the limits of its capability, to revolt, in the striving to defend its interests by fighting against political and/or economic exclusion. Hence, to Marx and Engels, classes seek to protect the self interests of their members: The bourgeoisie †¦has left remaining no other nexus between man and man than naked self-interest, than callous ‘cash payment’. It has drowned the most heavenly ecstasies of religious fervor, of chilvarous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism, in the icy water of egotistical calculation (Marx and Engels, 1933:62). Friedrich Engels expresses similar idea in explaining that social classes pursue the self-interest of their members: Bare-faced covetousness was the moving spirit of civilization from its dawn to the present day; wealth, and again wealth, and for the third time wealth; wealth, not of society, but of the puny individual was its only and final aim (cited in Bober, 1948:72). The foregoing underscores the reality of life that in class societies, the ruling class struggles to retain political power and protect the economic wealth of its members while the expropriated, the disadvantaged are compelled to struggle to end their exploitation and repression. Therefore, the source of development and general wellbeing of the ordinary people in a capitalist society like Nigeria is not the ruling class but organized labour – both the waged and unwaged when they form joint platforms for struggles. That is why Ake (1989:43) argues that development is agency-determined: ‘somebody has to determine that development is desirable, that a particular kind of development should be pursued and in a particular kind of manner’. This shows that desirability of development, the kind of development and the manner of attainment are neither accidental nor objectively determined. According to Ake (1989), since the capitalist state is a specific modality of capitalist domination, the ability to maintain the capitalist hegemony on  society and the capacity of the dominated and oppressed classes to deploy effective counter force in reaction to their domination goes a long way to condition the possibility of development. The degree of resistance put up by the dominated tends to determine the extent to which the state uses scarce resources, which should have been invested in developmental programs into maintaining opulence for the bourgeoisie and building the arsenal of terror and a militarized state. From the Marxian perspective, the State, contrary to the claim of pluralist advocates, is not an organisation for the interest of the whole society but an instrument to coerce and repress in the sectional interest of the economically dominant class. According to Lenin, the state is ‘an organ of class rule, an organ for the repression of one class by another’ (Lenin, 1970). Any ruling class uses the State apparatus of repression to defend, in the final analysis, the system of the property relations from which it derives its wealth, influence and power and indeed its very existence as a class. Therefore, all classes whose interests are not served by the existing system of production relations, in other words, all classes which stand in antagonism to the ruling class are inevitably driven into (political) class struggle, if not to take over political power, then at least to modify and influence those who wield State power in their own interest. This is why as Marx and Engels (1971) wrote in the Communist Manifesto, every class struggle is a political struggle. Therefore, the question for any trade union or unionist is not whether or not to be involved in politics, the question is which type of politics: politics to influence those in government or politics to seize political power? Marxism explains that at every acute stage of capitalist crisis when the capitalist system cannot guarantee bare existe